Sophocles (c. 496-406 BCE) was an Athenian playwright born in Colonus, near Athens, who lived through both the city’s Golden Age and the turmoil of war and plague. One of ancient Greece’s greatest tragedians, he wrote more than 120 plays, won numerous dramatic competitions, and helped transform theater by adding a third actor and deepening character development. He is best remembered for enduring works like Oedipus Rex, Antigone, and Electra, which explore fate, moral courage, suffering, and human limits. Having witnessed Athens rise, struggle, and grieve, Sophocles understood that greatness, whether personal or civic, was often forged through hardship.
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